The rationals are constructed from the integers
by "forming fractions". This amounts to
making all the nonzero elements of
invertible. In
fact, you can perform this construction for an arbitrary integral
domain.
Theorem. Let R be an integral domain.
(a) There is a field Q, the quotient field of
R, and an injective ring map .
(b) If F is a field and is an injective
ring map, there is a unique ring map
such that the following diagram commutes:
Heuristically, this means that Q is the "minimal" way of inverting the nonzero elements of R.
Proof. The first step is to form the fractions. Let
(Think of as corresponding to the fraction
. The elements of Q aren't actually fractions, but
equivalence classes of fractions. Think of the situation in the
rationals
:
and
are really the same element of
.)
Two rational fractions and
are equal if and only if
. I'll use this idea to put an equivalence relation
on S.
If , write
if and only if
. I claim this is an equivalence relation.
(a) Since , I have
.
(b) If , then
. So
, and hence
.
(c) Suppose and
. Then
and
. I want to show that
. The first equation yields
, while the second equation yields
. Therefore,
. Now
implies
, and since R is a domain, I
may cancel d to obtain
. Hence,
, which completes the proof of
transitivity.
Let Q be the set of equivalence classes. Let denote the equivalence class of
. I want to show that Q is a field with the
appropriate properties.
First, I'll define the operations. For , define
Note that in each case so
, and the expressions on the right at least make
sense.
I now have some routine but extremely tedious verifications to perform. Since these operations are defined on equivalence classes, I must check that they're well-defined --- i.e. that they're independent of the choices of representatives for the equivalence classes.
Once I have well-defined operations, I have to check all the axioms
for a field. This entails checking all the ring axioms,
commutativity, and the existence of inverses for nonzero elements.
For example, I'll show that functions as an
additive identity, while
is the multiplicative
identity.
It is probably a little much to expect you to wade through all of the ugly computations. Nevertheless, I'll show all the work below. I suggest that you at least verify that one of the two operations is well-defined, and that you work through the proof for at least one of the ring axioms.
First, I'll prove that addition and multiplication are well-defined.
Suppose that , so
, and
so
.
1. Addition is well-defined.
Now
Hence, .
2. Multiplication is well-defined.
Now
Hence, .
Next, I'll verify that Q is a field. I have to verify the ring axioms, that multiplication is commutative, and that nonzero elements have inverses.
3. Addition is associative.
4. Addition is commutative.
5. is the additive identity.
6. .
However, , since
.
7. Multiplication is associative.
8. Multiplication is commutative.
9. is the multiplicative identity.
10. Multiplication distributes over addition.
By commutativity of multiplication, it suffices to check this on one side.
However,
Therefore, .
11. Nonzero elements have multiplicative inverses.
Suppose , so
. Then using
, I have
Hence, .
This completes the verification that Q is a field. Next, I'll construct the imbedding of R into Q.
Define by
. I'll check that i is a ring map. First,
.
Next,
Next, I'll show that i is injective. Suppose (since
is the zero element of Q).
Then
, or
. Therefore,
, so i is
injective.
Finally, I'll complete the proof by verifying the universal property.
Suppose that F is a field and is
an injective ring map. Define
by
Observe that since ,
(injectivity), so
is invertible in the field F.
I have to check that the map is well-defined. Suppose that , so
. Then
Next, I'll check that is a ring
map. First,
Next,
Finally,
I need to check that makes the
diagram commute. If
,
Finally, I'll show that is the only
map which could satisfy these conditions. If
was another injective ring map filling in the
diagram, then for
,
Hence, .
Now let ,
. Since
is a ring map,
is injective, so
, and it's
invertible in F. Therefore,
.
Now put the results of the last two paragraphs together, again using
the fact that is a ring map:
Thus, is the unique map filling in the diagram,
and the proof is (finally!) complete.
The standard argument for objects defined by universal properties
shows that the quotient field of an integral domain is unique up to
ring isomorphism. That is, if R is a domain and Q and are fields satisfying the universal property for the
quotient field of R, then
.
If R is a field, then it is its own quotient field. To prove this,
use uniqueness of the quotient field, and the fact that the identity
map satisfies the universal
property.
In most cases, it is easy to see what the quotient field "looks
like". For example, let R be the domain of polynomials with rational coefficients. The
quotient field is
, the field
of rational functions with rational
coefficients. It consists of all quotients
, where
and
, under the usual operations.
This may seem like a lot of work to produce something that is
"obvious". But the reason this may seem "obvious"
to you is that you've had lots of experience working with the the
rational numbers , the quotient field of the
integers
.
Copyright 2018 by Bruce Ikenaga